Mark Henderson, Science Editor
Get 20% off your bill at Pizza Express
To millions of women it has been the great liberator over the past four decades, allowing them the freedom to control their fertility and their relationships. But the contraceptive Pill could also be responsible for skewing their hormones and attracting them to the “wrong” partner.
A study by British scientists suggests that taking the Pill can change a woman’s taste in men — to those who are genetically less compatible.
The research found that the Pill can alter the type of male scent that women find most attractive, which may in turn affect the kind of men they choose as partners. It suggests that the popular form of contraception — used by a quarter of British women aged between 16 and 50 — could have implications for fertility and relationship breakdowns.
The findings, from a team at the University of Liverpool, add to growing evidence that the hormones in the Pill influence the way that women assess male sexual attractiveness.
The Pill is thought to disrupt an instinctive mechanism that brings together people with complementary genes and immune systems. Such a couple, by passing on a wide-ranging set of immune system genes, increase their chances of having a healthy child that is not vulnerable to infection.
Couples with different genes are also less likely to experience fertility problems or miscarriages. Experts believe that women are naturally attracted to men with immune system genes different to their own because of their smell.
Commenting on the latest study, the researchers said that it could indicate that the Pill disrupts women’s ability to judge the genetic compatibility of men by means of their smell.
They said that this might not only impact on fertility and miscarriage risk, but could even contribute to the end of relationships as women who stop or start taking the Pill no longer find their boyfriend or husband so attractive.
Several previous studies have suggested that women tend to prefer the smell of men who are different from them in a cluster of genes called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which governs the immune system. Some of these studies have also found that this effect is not seen among Pill users.
The latest study, published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society, has now assessed the impact of Pill use in the same women, both before and after they began using oral contraception. A group of 97 women was tested, some of whom started taking the Pill during the course of the research. All had their MHC genes tested and were asked to sniff T-shirts worn in bed by men with different patterns of MHC genes.
Unlike some previous studies, the research did not find any preference for dissimilar MHC genes. However, when the women started taking the Pill their preferences shifted towards the scent of men with more similar genes to their own.
This suggests that Pill use has an effect on perceptions of scent attractiveness, even if there is no underlying female preference for similar or dissimilar MHC genes.
Craig Roberts, who led the study, said: “The results showed that the preferences of women who began using the Pill shifted towards men with genetically similar odours. Not only could MHC-similarity in couples lead to fertility problems, but it could ultimately lead to the breakdown of relationships when women stop using the Pill, as odour perception plays a significant role in maintaining attraction to partners.”
The research also found differences between women in relationships, who tended to prefer odours of men with different MHC genes, and single women, who tended to prefer the smell of MHC-similar men.
This could potentially indicate that if women are tempted to have an affair, they are more likely to choose a man with very different genes, to maximise the diversity of any offspring that they might have.
The scientists said that more work was needed to explain the way various studies have obtained different results on whether women naturally prefer men with different or similar MHC genes. They also cautioned that the importance of scent in human mating preferences remains uncertain.
The research backs up an earlier study of how women’s perceptions of partners can alter when taking the Pill. Psychologists from St Andrews and Stirling universities found that women on the Pill tend to prefer macho types with strong jaw lines and prominent cheekbones.
However, women who are not taking that form of contraception seem to be more likely to go for more sensitive types of men without traditionally masculine features.
A blessing - or a burden
“I sometimes think that being widowed is God’s way of telling you to come off the Pill” Victoria Wood
“No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother” Margaret Sanger, nurse and birth control activist
“The Pill, to a great degree, made possible the (hetero)sexual revolution. Yet those who developed oral contraceptives did not intend to promote what the majority of Americans at the time called promiscuity” Beth Bailey, historian
“The freedom that women were supposed to have found in the Sixties largely boiled down to easy contraception and abortion; things to make life easier for men, in fact” Julie Burchill, columnist
“In destroying the power of giving life, through contraception, a husband or wife is doing something to self. This . . . destroys the gift of love in him or her” Mother Teresa
Industry sectors news at a glance. Interactive heatmap, video and podcast
The inside track on current trends in the charity, not for profit and social enterprise sectors
Explore your passion for food with the delights of Thai, Indian & Chinese cooking
Read our exclusive 100 Years of Fleming and Bond interactive timeline, packed with original Times articles and reviews
Everything the Business Traveller needs to know to make a better trip
Shortcuts to help you find sections and articles
05/2005
£13,500
08/2008
£109,950
2006
£10,750
Great car insurance deals online
£100k
The National Skills Academy for Social Care
London
£49,229 - £62,035 pro rata
Charity Commission
London/Liverpool/Taunton
£75k - £85k
Confidential
London
Six Figure
Rolls Royce
Midlands/Europe
From £89,950
Great Investment, River Views
$3.5 million
Also avaliable for rent
Times Online Property Search will help you find it
Amazing Far East Offers - Visit Hong Kong
from £499pp
Cruise the Islands of Hawaii - Pride of America
List your property with two leading travel websites
Great travel insurance deals online
Contact our advertising team for advertising and sponsorship in Times Online, The Times and The Sunday Times, or place your advertisement.
Times Online Services: Dating | Jobs | Property Search | Used Cars | Holidays | Births, Marriages, Deaths
News International associated websites: Globrix | Property Finder | Milkround
Copyright 2008 Times Newspapers Ltd.
This service is provided on Times Newspapers' standard Terms and Conditions. Please read our Privacy Policy.To inquire about a licence to reproduce material from Times Online, The Times or The Sunday Times, click here.This website is published by a member of the News International Group. News International Limited, 1 Virginia St, London E98 1XY, is the holding company for the News International group and is registered in England No 81701. VAT number GB 243 8054 69.
Personally I'd rather stick with the pill than waste 12 days of PTO suffering in bed unable to walk.
Michelle, Orlando, FL,
That Margaret Sanger quote brought to mind another of hers: "The most merciful thing that a family does to one of its infant members is to kill it." What a humanitarian.
David Lee, Raleigh, USA
4/17/08 Sci American. Synthetic estrogens excreted by women taking the pill are not completely broken down in the sewage treatment process and are discharged into waterways, drastically affecting fish genetics. Human cognitive and physical development is being altered in utero by the pill.
Warren, Victoria, Canada
to mr.gavin gore if only you were in women place you would have change that talk of yours. i agree with what these scientist are sayin'. i myself take the Pill and i have changed some of them because some of them gives me mood swings and sometimes feel not interested in men.
fiona Vocage, west bromwich, United Kingdom
This sounds like junk science to me, with lots of mights and maybes and possiblies.
As far as the pill goes, yeah, when you introduce powerful hormones into a normally functioning body, you're going to have dramatic side effects and unintended consequences.
scott, tulsa, USA
I think just as society has been able to find an excuse for their inadequacies, it now seems that researchers have now developed a blame culture for pathetic choices in blaming the victim (the pill) which cannot defend itself.
I wonder what next might be reveleaved , by some bored scientist
shonhayi , corby, united kingdom
LOL women will blame their mood changes on anything now a day....... Your all emotionally unstable... Stop blaming chemicals! I'm also cathloic but I have to say John from Minnesota stop making up statistics your talking Fraff!
gavin gore, luton, beds
Statistically, couples who follow Catholic teaching: have a 0.2% divorce rate; experience happier marriages; are happier & more satisfied in their everyday lives; have considerably more marital relations; share deeper intimacy with spouse; realize a deeper level of communication with spouse.
Robert, Cottonwood, U.S.A.
Whatever else the Pill does or doesn't do I don't think it's made the search for true love easier. Freed from the potential of pregnancy people have turned to rutting with each other without ever developing the attachments and true intimacy of a real relationship.
John, Minnesota, United States
Elle magazine reported this story five years ago.
Susanne, Norfolk, U.S.
Don't try to rewrite the history of the cultural revolution that fostered this type of contraception because you've got the benefit of hindsight. The pill met the desires of women. If it hadn't we wouldn't be reading this story now.
Mark, Wilmington, USA
We've all been lying to ourselves through the media. Sex is not for cheap thrills and entertainment. It is a Sacred Universal Power that brings life into physical embodiment. Amazing. To treat it with any less respect than that is to court disaster.
Paul, Seattle, USA
choices are presented to us now that have not filtered through the moral standards of the church. does the church need to catch up with life or vice versa?
Jayson, Lyndhurst, NJ,
The point the feminists never make is that the he pill primarily benefits men. It allows men to have uncomitted sex with any woman they can talk into bed. The perks of the "sexual revolution" accrue almost completely to men and only served to enslave women with the false promise of freedom.
William, San Fran, US of A
A pill to make women unattracted to men? I think men do a fine job of that themselves without any pill.
Stephanie, Little Rock, AR, United States
Before Pill, I was extremely moody, grumpy and witchy before and during my time of the month, and PMS pain was so bad that in college I'd skip class. I even had pain when I ovulated that no medicine could help. I'm much happier now because I dont have to deal with pain.
Anne, KC,
I think that the old moral of one parter for life, in the confines of marriage, is the only sensible course of action for the sexual relationship.
You don't even need the pill amazing!!!
Undoubtedly many will feel controversy over this comment.
Steve, Virginia, USA
The pill is responsible for Autism.
Davy Jones, Luton,
I am a woman, and I am one of the 25% that have been sexually assaulted. Being on the pill allowed me the freedom NOT to have to deal with an unwanted pregnancy. Being on the pill is better for a womans body in the long term than having multiple abortions. Scent has little bearing in the big picture
Kristen , Tokyo, Japan
to the guys who mentioned moody girlfriends, you are told when you go on the pill that there's a period of adjustment up to 3 months
Poppy, Toronto,
The Pill? I thought it was wedding cake
Tom, Royal Oak, MI, USA
Ha! This is from a University based in a city where the women have the highest teenage pregnancy rate in Europe; the women look like aliens with their glowing fake tans; the women wear their pijamas to the supermarket, and wear their socks on the outside of their tracksuit! Im not worried!!!
Tim O, Liverpool, UK
I use the pill and do know that it affects and changes my behavior daily. I do not ever want children and I am "not old enough" to make the decision to my body altered so I can not have children. This does not leave a lot of choices for woman in my situation.
S, mpls,
i think that each exhusband should sue their ex wives if they were on the pill b4 they got married. sue them for false attraction and wasting their lives for duplicitous love. if this is true women have alot to answer for.
ED, long island , usa
Contraception seems, on the surface, to be an answer but has actually lead to the further degradation of women and the turning of men into jellyfish.
The Mayo Clinic reported that girls who are on the pill for up to four years before their first preg have a more than 30% chance of breast cancer.
Matt, Ochoa, USA
this explains a lot of things in my life
mo, davis, usa/ca
Over the last 15 years I've had three girl friends that got on the pill.
I saw changes in their personalities for the worse (short tempered and mean). My most recent girlfriend changed over to an IUD and the disorders went away. Apparently the pill works by making you not want to have sex. LOL
kris, sacramento,
Far from liberating women, the pill is a mass-medicalisation bia hormonal control of women. It forces a false hormonal pattern on woman denying her own feelings and self-expression. It also depletes the system of vitamins and minerals vital for her own and any subsequent child's heatlh.
J.E.Poole, Romsey, UK
Midol makes daily living much less painful.
John, Springfield, USA
I have been taking the Pill for years and now that I am off of it, I definitely notice a difference. Now, I am interested in my husband again, and J.Wright had it right. I was down right evil to my husband and after years of this, we both finally feel free.
jess, fredericksburg, us
Some women take the pill because of health problems - bleeding disorders, for instance, make the pill a lifesaving drug, and for women with endometriosis, it makes daily living much less painful. It's not an ethical question whether or not to take the pill for some - it's a health-based one.
Melissa, Seattle, USA
John in Dallas, you got everything backwards. Only women ON the pill prefer macho cavemen. Women NOT ON the pill prefer metrosexuals. Also, the theory of evolution has been studied and verified by thousands if not hundreds of thousands of scientists over the past 100+ years. Texas public schools!
Chris Thomas, Brooklyn, USA
I conducted a small study of my own. My pleasant, jocular and gregarious girlfriend began talking the Pill and within a couple days she was downright nasty, impatient and mean.
She decided she couldn't take them anymore before I brought it up.
That is the sum of my experience with the Pill.
J. Wright, Eugene, Oregon,
Nate, Besides being unpractical, "pulling out" is not an effective method of contraception. Some semen has already been deposited.
John, Atlanta, USA
Hopefully, when they finally unleash the male contraceptive pill I can start attracting the wrong kind of women, and balance things out a bit.
patrick, Hague, Netherlands
Roger, we have adopted evolution as fact and Darwin figured out all of evolution by spending 5 weeks on an island? At least there is a true sample in this case.
The fact of the matter is that the pill has made women more attractive to metrosexuals. That's why our societyis becoming feminized.
john, dallas, USA
If it puts the woman off her man it achieves its aim by one means or another
John Ledbury, Kings Lynn, England
The Catholic Church has been saying this for 40 years in the document on Human Life (HUMANAE VITAE). and recently Pope John Paul again addresses it in the Theology of the Body outlined by Christopher West. This is not new, but it is news.
Bob Stanislaw, Stillwater, USA
alan, Naples what rubbish it can also mean we don"t want children right now or we've had kids and don't want to be sterilized yet. Sex should be fun and individual choice is not a sin.
Andy, uk,
Contrary to popular belief, women do make mistakes on their own, pill or no pill. tradition does exist for a reason, a minority of women have changed the rules for the majority, promiscuity is now normal. Women are the root cause of problems in relationships if you ask people that know, men!
jack, emsworth,
This can't be so. If the research is confirmed it would provide a reason for failing or misguided relationships which is NOT a man's fault. According to all women's magazines and TV shows, men are the root cause of all problems in relationships. Gosh forbid a woman might just be choosing wrong.
Pal I., Orlando FL, USA
What they don't include is cultural influence. As to autism, it has been around forever, they just diagnose it more. As to interfering with natural processes, many people's bodies natural processes have to be corrected by medication.
alysse, Charlottetown, USA
Undoutedly, one of the "great" hatchet jobs I've heard in years!! Don't belive it girls! I'm a 76 year old widow - one of the 1st on the pill. After our family was complete the pill gave my husband and I the freedom to LOVE each other without fear of having more children than we could afford.
JoAnn, Ft. Lauderdale, USA
Wouldn't it be a lot easier to statistically investigate the number of relationship break-ups involving females who just stopped using the pill?
That would give some insight in changing preferences, I guess...
Sander, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Do women need another excuse to change there mind for apprently no reason - i think not.
Is smell really the most important of attraction qualities to the ladies. Maybe thats what is so prominant about brad pitt and clooney, not the good looks or the money but they smell nice. Come on.
Joseph Thomas, Guildford,
The Pill is a medicine that drastically alters the behaviour of a perfectly healthy body. Would we tolerate any other drug that interrupts perfect function of a system? This study, i believe, highlights the 'unnaturalness' of the Pill. We mess with nature - we pay the price.
Catherine R., Cairns, Australia
This is not a new revelation. It was reported in Scientific America over 20 years ago. Also, the pill has never been a boon to women. It has enslaved rather than freed them. It has opened them up to various sexual diseases, pregnancies out of wedlock to men they really didn't love, and poverty.
John D. Rossmiller, Donegal, USA
Race and scent are completely different arenas, man. Let's let the science pan out before we start jumping and yelling.
Justin Meyer, Roseville, CA, USA
The Pill is a great help for women with PMS. Sometimes your natural hormonebalance is out of balance and the Pill brings back the balance and calms you down. And another thing: It is a known fact that people are more attracted to people who are like them, because they understand each other better.
Jerusha, Amsterdam, Holland
You want to know what true reproductive freedom really is? It's making love with my husband without being afraid. It's knowing that each child conceived is a blessing; not a 'mistake.' It's knowing the best sex is married sex when each spouse is unselfish. It's 8 amazing children. It's family.
janis, tooele, USA
All I can say is I wonder whether the increase in 'unexplained infertility' has anything to do with the pill... it certainly has in the Chinese medical sense of things!
DD, London,
I don't believe a word of this. If it's true, why am I not constantly being accosted by hot 20-somethings on the Pill who are suddenly attracted to fat, middle-aged couch potatoes? I rest my case.
Eric, Park City, USA
Does this mean that white women for example are likely to be more attracted to black males, and vice versa, because they are more likely to have different genes, than the white male brought up in the same country??? it makes sense so let me know if my rationing is wrong or what you guys think.
Davey, walton, england
Jim you appear to miss the point. No one said family. Was your oversight intentional?
Jack Lee, USA,
Scary stuff if true. But it might explain some things...
Jack Lee, USA,
They've completely failed to mention the socio-cultural aspects the underpin relationships- genetics plays a major role in our existence, but could cultural preferences and social trends perhaps overide scent preferences?
M, London,
When a couple contracepts, they invert the very purpose of the procreative act. They may say "I love you and accept you totally" in words, but what they say with their bodies is "sex is only for pleasure, I do not accept your fertility and am not committed to what this act implies".
alan, Naples, United States
I personally have known two people who died, in which the doctors said that they were almost certain the ultimate cause was the pill, though they would never be able to prove it. One was a neighbour's wife, the other a friends girlfriend (in her twenties).
The pill should be banned.
Greg Lorriman, Leatherhead, UK
Just pull out!
Nate, Toledo, USA
Mother Teresa's quote can only be understood in context - the beliefs of (true) Catholics. Whether you believe the teachings of the Catholic faith or not (those who do not should not call themselves Catholic), her statement is based on the Catholic understanding of the sanctity of life and marriage
Bob, Fairfax, USA
Wonder if this is in any way linked to the quantifiable surge in autism in the Western world? The law of unintended consequences. Bio-evolutionary mechanisms that have developed over millions of years are similar to plug sockets - don't put your fingers in them.
kevin, Lincoln, UK
The estrogen released into our water supply by millions of women using the Pill has also effected humans, and marine life. All you have to do is Google it, there are a lot of scientific studies. Also, this may be one of the reasons of increased homosexual behavior in our society.
Eve, Budapest, Hungary
In destroying the power of giving life, through contraception, a husband or wife is doing something to self. This . . . destroys the gift of love in him or her Mother Teresa
Err yeah right, so a woman who uses contraception doesn't love her family anymore? Doesn't love her children? Come on...
Jim, Tokyo,
It is hard to improve on nature, creation - whatever you choose to call it.
Brian Musah, Hertford , UK
Dear Robert,
I'm sure that there are people that also said the same about; computers, the internet, televisions, aircraft, MRI scanners and even the contraceptive pill itself - some people are even suggesting that the earth may be spherical.
John, KL, Malaysia
How can scientists make such a statement on a survey /testing of a miniscule group of 97 women and come out with what I consider a preposterous
conclusion .Every day we hear about this scientific reseach
that says this is fact .they are just trying to justify thier reseach
Roger Port, Alcala, Spain